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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau (BEPB), the China State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) cooperated in a diesel retrofit demonstration project from October 2005 through December 2007. The project resulted in the installation and operation of U.S. EPA verified and/or California Air Resources Board (CARB) certified emissions control equipment on 25 city buses in Beijing, some of which used low-sulfur fuel in combination with the exhaust retrofit equipment.
2005 年10 月至2007 年12 月期间，美国环境保护署(EPA)、北京 环保局(BEPB)、中国国家环境保护总局(SEPA) 和美国西南研究院(SwRIÒ) 合作在北京开 展柴油机改造示范项目，通过在25 辆城市公交车上安装已经过 EPA 和CARB (加 州大气资源局) 认证的各类排放控制装置，结合低 硫柴油的使用，来探索对北京柴 油 车污染控制的有效途径。
Air pollution in China is increasing rapidly, much of it due to the rising number of vehicles. In Beijing alone, close to 1,000 vehicles are being added to the roads each day. The fine particulate matter (PM) and other emissions from existing diesel-powered trucks and buses contribute to air pollution in Beijing and other large cities and pose serious public health impacts. A successful retrofit demonstration project laid the groundwork for expanded retrofits of heavily polluting vehicles in Beijing. This will have a positive impact on air quality in Beijing, and thus public health, as the city prepared for the Olympics in 2008 and beyond.
随着机动车数量的增加，中国
的空气污染日益加剧，以北京为例，每
天新增 机动车约1000
辆。这些车辆尾气，尤其是在用柴油
卡车和公交车所产生的颗粒及 其它
排放物，成为北京及其他各大城市空气污染的一个重要来源，严重威胁着大众
健康。此次柴油车改造示范项目，
为北京在用重度污染车辆的广泛改
造奠定了基 础，对改善2008
奥运期间和今后北京的空气质
量，提高公众健康水平有着积极深 远的
影响。
Because new vehicle
technologies and the most effective retrofit technologies depend on
clean fuels, U.S. EPA, BEPB, and SEPA agreed to include ultra-low sulfur
diesel fuel for some vehicles in the project.
考虑到新型车辆技术和在用车
改造技术的有效性在很大程度上取决
于燃油的 清洁度，EPA,
BEPB和SEPA一致决定，在项目试验中尝
试对部分车辆使用超低硫
柴油。
To demonstrate the effectiveness of retrofit
technologies and low sulfur diesel fuel in reducing harmful
particulate emissions from existing diesel on-highway heavy-duty
vehicles in Beijing
通过对北京市在用重型柴油车的
改造，论证各种改造技术和低硫
柴油在 降低有害颗粒物排放方面
的效果 To promote the use of advanced emissions control
technologies and cleaner fuels
促进先进排放控制技术和清洁燃油的使用 Table 1: Technologies
for Beijing Diesel Retrofit Pilot Project (Total of 25 Vehicles)
表1.
北京柴油机改造示范项目所采用的不同改造技术（共
In November of 2005, the BEPB selected a 25-bus passenger transit fleet for the demonstration project. The fleet consisted of 6 EURO I and 19 EURO II emission-compliant diesel engine buses. The initial plan called for the EURO I buses to be equipped with diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) as well as flow-through diesel particulate filters (FT-DPF). The EURO II buses were to be equipped with the same two technologies as the EURO I buses, plus a third technology relying on wallflow diesel particulate filtration (WF-DPF). Low sulfur fuel with a maximum of 50 ppm sulfur by weight was to be used for the EURO II-compliant buses equipped with WF-DPF systems. The three retrofit technologies represented three levels, with expected particulate matter (PM) reductions by weight of: 1) 20-40%; 2) 40-60%, and 3) 85percent or greater.
2005 年11 月，北京环保局选取了 25 辆公交柴油车作为项目试验车 ，其中欧I车 6辆，欧II 车19辆。项目最 初的计划是：在欧I 车上安装DOC ( 柴油氧化催化器) 和FT-DPF (直流式颗粒捕集器 )；欧II 车上安装DOC 、FT-DPF 和WFDPF(壁流式颗 粒捕集器), 并于装有WF-DPF 的车上结合使用低硫柴油 （硫含量≤50ppm）。这 3 种改造技术分别代表3 种不同程度的颗粒转换效率： 1) 20-40%; 2) 40-60%, 3) 85% 或更高。
The Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau (BEPB) played a pivotal role in this project by facilitating and coordinating the activities throughout the planning and execution phases of the technical and formal activities. BEPB assigned the Beijing Automotive Research Institute (BARI) the task of closely monitoring the technical progress of the project. The bus company involved in the project was the Beijing Public Transport Holding, Ltd. (BPTH). The project called for testing the retrofit devices on EURO I and EURO II engines operating on dynamometers prior to installation of the retrofit devices on the buses. The engine-dynamometer test facility at the China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC) was used to fulfill this project’s test requirement. Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) employed the services of the Tianjin SwARC Automotive Research Laboratory (joint venture company between SwRI and CATARC) to degreen (initial conditioning) the retrofit equipment and coordinate engine dynamometer testing at CATARC.
北京环保局在整个项目中起到关 键作用，推动和协调了从计划到 执行的各项 活动。北京汽车技术 研究所(BARI) 受北京环保局的委托，负责监督项 目的技术进 展。北京公交公司也参 与其中，提供了25 辆试验车。中国汽 车技术研究中心 (CATARC)负责前期的测功机台架试验。天 津索克汽车试验有限公司（美国西南研究 院和中国汽车技术研究中心共同组 建的合资公司）协助完成台架试验 ，并承担了改 造设备的预处理工作。
BEPB was instrumental in negotiating with SINOPEC, one of the major oil companies in China, to provide low sulfur diesel fuel for the project. To complete the list of stakeholders and supporters of the project, a group of experienced international consultants were members of the Technical Review Committee. These included Mr. Mike Walsh, Mr. Chuck Freed, and members from the academic circles such as Professor Fu Lixin of Tsinghua University. The retrofit equipment suppliers BASF (formerly Engelhard), Johnson Matthey Inc., Consolidated Parts and Accessories, Cummins Emission Solutions (formerly Fleetguard), and Cleaire have supported the project all through its duration.
经过北京环保局的协调，中石化专门为项目生产了一批低硫柴油。项目还 得到技术顾问委员会的支持，该委员会由国际上知名的专家组成，成员包括：Mike Walsh 先生、Chuck Freed 先生、学术界人士如清华大学傅立新教授等。此 外，设备供应商巴士福（安格）、庄信万丰（Johnson Matthey）
Read the full case study report (EPA Project XA-83262001)
For more information about our China bus retrofit program, or how you can contract with SwRI, please contact Robert Burrahm, PMP, at rburrahm@swri.org or 86-10-6590-6391 x 804.
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Southwest Research Institute® (SwRI®), headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, is a multidisciplinary, independent, nonprofit, applied engineering and physical sciences research and development organization with 11 technical divisions. |
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December 28, 2012 |
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